Glossary

What is XRechnung? — German e-invoice format

XRechnung is Germany's XML invoice standard for public-sector buyers based on EN 16931.

What is ZUGFeRD / Factur-X?

ZUGFeRD embeds structured invoice XML inside a human-readable PDF — also known as Factur-X in France.

What is a JWT (JSON Web Token)?

JWTs are compact signed tokens carrying claims — common for API auth and session cookies.

What is a Leitweg-ID?

Leitweg-ID routes e-invoices to the correct German public authority mailbox.

What is Factur-X?

Factur-X is the French name for the ZUGFeRD hybrid PDF+XML e-invoice standard.

What is Schematron validation?

Schematron applies business rules to XML invoices beyond XSD structure checks.

What is a UUID (Universally Unique Identifier)?

UUIDs are 128-bit identifiers used for database keys, API ids and session tokens — often formatted as v4 random strings.

What is bcrypt password hashing?

bcrypt is an adaptive hash function for storing passwords — slow by design to resist brute-force attacks.

What is nanoid?

nanoid generates compact URL-friendly unique ids — smaller than UUID v4 with similar collision resistance.

What are UTM parameters?

UTM tags (utm_source, utm_medium, utm_campaign…) track marketing campaign traffic in analytics tools.

What is PDF/A archival format?

PDF/A is an ISO standard subset of PDF for long-term archiving — embeds fonts and restricts dynamic features.

What is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)?

SVG is an XML-based vector image format — scales cleanly for icons, logos and UI illustrations.

What is an STL 3D mesh file?

STL stores triangular surface meshes for 3D printing and CAD — ASCII or binary encoding of vertices and normals.

What is the Vigenère cipher?

Vigenère is a classical polyalphabetic substitution cipher — historically used before modern encryption.

What is Levenshtein distance?

Levenshtein distance counts single-character edits (insert, delete, substitute) between two strings.

What is a readability score?

Readability formulas (Flesch-Kincaid, etc.) estimate how easy prose is to read based on sentence and word length.

What is an inflation calculator?

Inflation calculators adjust amounts across years using CPI indices — showing purchasing power over time.

What is JSON-LD structured data?

JSON-LD embeds schema.org metadata in web pages — helps search engines understand products, FAQs and articles.

What is BPM (beats per minute)?

BPM measures tempo — how many beats occur in one minute of music.

What is OCR (optical character recognition)?

OCR converts images of text into machine-readable characters.

What is GeoJSON?

GeoJSON is a JSON format for encoding geographic data structures.

What is the Pomodoro technique?

Pomodoro uses timed focus intervals (typically 25 min) separated by short breaks.

What is a PDF watermark?

A watermark overlays text or logos on every page to mark draft or confidential status.

What is the SRT subtitle format?

SRT is a plain-text subtitle format with numbered cues and timecodes.

What is an Impressum (Germany)?

German websites must publish an Impressum with provider identity and contact details.

What is a cron expression?

Cron expressions schedule recurring jobs on UNIX-like servers.

What is Levenshtein distance?

Levenshtein counts minimum single-character edits between two strings.

What is Base64 encoding?

Base64 encodes binary data as ASCII text — common in data URLs, JWT payloads and email attachments.

What is cryptographic hashing?

Hash functions map input to fixed-length digests — SHA-256 and bcrypt for integrity and password storage.

What is a MIME type?

MIME types (media types) label file formats for HTTP — application/pdf, image/png, application/json.

What is a regular expression (regex)?

Regex patterns match and extract text — used in validation, search-replace and log parsing.

What is UTF-8 encoding?

UTF-8 encodes Unicode text as variable-length bytes — the default for web, JSON and modern files.

What is CSV (Comma-Separated Values)?

CSV stores tabular data as plain text rows — common for spreadsheets, exports and ETL pipelines.

What is YAML?

YAML is a human-readable data format for configs — Kubernetes, CI/CD and Ansible manifests.

What is TOML?

TOML is a minimal config format — used by Cargo, pyproject.toml and many modern tools.

What is Markdown?

Markdown is lightweight markup for READMEs, docs and CMS content — headings, lists and code fences.

What is a hex color code?

Hex colors (#RRGGBB) encode RGB in hexadecimal — standard in CSS and design tools.

What is CSS Flexbox?

Flexbox lays out items in rows or columns with alignment and distribution — core modern CSS layout.

What is the browser viewport?

The viewport is the visible layout area — meta viewport tag makes responsive mobile CSS work.

What is a canonical URL?

Canonical link tags tell search engines the preferred URL for duplicate or parameterized pages.

What is an hreflang tag?

Hreflang annotations map language/region URLs — critical for multilingual SEO and Tentaco locales.

What is an XML sitemap?

XML sitemaps list indexable URLs for crawlers — optional priority and lastmod hints.

What are Core Web Vitals?

Google Core Web Vitals measure LCP, INP and CLS — user experience signals for ranking and UX.

What is Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)?

LCP measures when the largest above-the-fold element renders — target under 2.5 seconds.

What is Tesseract OCR?

Tesseract is an open-source OCR engine — powers many browser WASM and server OCR pipelines.

What is PDF/A-3?

PDF/A-3 allows embedded XML files — foundation for ZUGFeRD and Factur-X hybrid e-invoices.

What is EN 16931?

EN 16931 is the European semantic model for electronic invoices — basis for XRechnung and Peppol.

What is AES encryption?

AES is the standard symmetric cipher for TLS, disk encryption and PDF passwords — 128/256-bit keys.

What is CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

CORS controls browser cross-origin HTTP — Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers gate API access.

What is OpenAPI?

OpenAPI (Swagger) describes REST APIs — schemas, paths and auth for docs and codegen.

What is a .gitignore file?

gitignore tells Git which files to exclude — node_modules, .env, build artifacts and OS junk.

What is semantic versioning (SemVer)?

SemVer uses MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH — breaking changes bump major, features minor, fixes patch.

What is batch watermarking?

Applying the same watermark style to multiple files in one pass.

What is cross-studio handoff?

Passing a working file from one studio mode to another without re-uploading manually.

What is local routing in an assistant?

Tool recommendation logic that runs locally before optional cloud enrichment.