Glossary

What is XRechnung? — German e-invoice format

XRechnung is Germany's XML invoice standard for public-sector buyers based on EN 16931.

What is ZUGFeRD / Factur-X?

ZUGFeRD embeds structured invoice XML inside a human-readable PDF — also known as Factur-X in France.

What is a JWT (JSON Web Token)?

JWTs are compact signed tokens carrying claims — common for API auth and session cookies.

What is a Leitweg-ID?

Leitweg-ID routes e-invoices to the correct German public authority mailbox.

What is Factur-X?

Factur-X is the French name for the ZUGFeRD hybrid PDF+XML e-invoice standard.

What is Schematron validation?

Schematron applies business rules to XML invoices beyond XSD structure checks.

What is a UUID (Universally Unique Identifier)?

UUIDs are 128-bit identifiers used for database keys, API ids and session tokens — often formatted as v4 random strings.

What is bcrypt password hashing?

bcrypt is an adaptive hash function for storing passwords — slow by design to resist brute-force attacks.

What is nanoid?

nanoid generates compact URL-friendly unique ids — smaller than UUID v4 with similar collision resistance.

What are UTM parameters?

UTM tags (utm_source, utm_medium, utm_campaign…) track marketing campaign traffic in analytics tools.

What is PDF/A archival format?

PDF/A is an ISO standard subset of PDF for long-term archiving — embeds fonts and restricts dynamic features.

What is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)?

SVG is an XML-based vector image format — scales cleanly for icons, logos and UI illustrations.

What is an STL 3D mesh file?

STL stores triangular surface meshes for 3D printing and CAD — ASCII or binary encoding of vertices and normals.

What is the Vigenère cipher?

Vigenère is a classical polyalphabetic substitution cipher — historically used before modern encryption.

What is Levenshtein distance?

Levenshtein distance counts single-character edits (insert, delete, substitute) between two strings.

What is a readability score?

Readability formulas (Flesch-Kincaid, etc.) estimate how easy prose is to read based on sentence and word length.

What is an inflation calculator?

Inflation calculators adjust amounts across years using CPI indices — showing purchasing power over time.

What is JSON-LD structured data?

JSON-LD embeds schema.org metadata in web pages — helps search engines understand products, FAQs and articles.

What is BPM (beats per minute)?

BPM measures tempo — how many beats occur in one minute of music.

What is OCR (optical character recognition)?

OCR converts images of text into machine-readable characters.

What is GeoJSON?

GeoJSON is a JSON format for encoding geographic data structures.

What is the Pomodoro technique?

Pomodoro uses timed focus intervals (typically 25 min) separated by short breaks.

What is a PDF watermark?

A watermark overlays text or logos on every page to mark draft or confidential status.

What is the SRT subtitle format?

SRT is a plain-text subtitle format with numbered cues and timecodes.

What is an Impressum (Germany)?

German websites must publish an Impressum with provider identity and contact details.

What is a cron expression?

Cron expressions schedule recurring jobs on UNIX-like servers.

What is Levenshtein distance?

Levenshtein counts minimum single-character edits between two strings.

What is Base64 encoding?

Base64 encodes binary data as ASCII text — common in data URLs, JWT payloads and email attachments.

What is cryptographic hashing?

Hash functions map input to fixed-length digests — SHA-256 and bcrypt for integrity and password storage.

What is a MIME type?

MIME types (media types) label file formats for HTTP — application/pdf, image/png, application/json.

What is a regular expression (regex)?

Regex patterns match and extract text — used in validation, search-replace and log parsing.

What is UTF-8 encoding?

UTF-8 encodes Unicode text as variable-length bytes — the default for web, JSON and modern files.

What is CSV (Comma-Separated Values)?

CSV stores tabular data as plain text rows — common for spreadsheets, exports and ETL pipelines.

What is YAML?

YAML is a human-readable data format for configs — Kubernetes, CI/CD and Ansible manifests.

What is TOML?

TOML is a minimal config format — used by Cargo, pyproject.toml and many modern tools.

What is Markdown?

Markdown is lightweight markup for READMEs, docs and CMS content — headings, lists and code fences.

What is a hex color code?

Hex colors (#RRGGBB) encode RGB in hexadecimal — standard in CSS and design tools.

What is CSS Flexbox?

Flexbox lays out items in rows or columns with alignment and distribution — core modern CSS layout.

What is the browser viewport?

The viewport is the visible layout area — meta viewport tag makes responsive mobile CSS work.

What is a canonical URL?

Canonical link tags tell search engines the preferred URL for duplicate or parameterized pages.

What is an hreflang tag?

Hreflang annotations map language/region URLs — critical for multilingual SEO and Tentaco locales.

What is an XML sitemap?

XML sitemaps list indexable URLs for crawlers — optional priority and lastmod hints.

What are Core Web Vitals?

Google Core Web Vitals measure LCP, INP and CLS — user experience signals for ranking and UX.

What is Largest Contentful Paint (LCP)?

LCP measures when the largest above-the-fold element renders — target under 2.5 seconds.

What is Tesseract OCR?

Tesseract is an open-source OCR engine — powers many browser WASM and server OCR pipelines.

What is PDF/A-3?

PDF/A-3 allows embedded XML files — foundation for ZUGFeRD and Factur-X hybrid e-invoices.

What is EN 16931?

EN 16931 is the European semantic model for electronic invoices — basis for XRechnung and Peppol.

What is AES encryption?

AES is the standard symmetric cipher for TLS, disk encryption and PDF passwords — 128/256-bit keys.

What is CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

CORS controls browser cross-origin HTTP — Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers gate API access.

What is OpenAPI?

OpenAPI (Swagger) describes REST APIs — schemas, paths and auth for docs and codegen.

What is a .gitignore file?

gitignore tells Git which files to exclude — node_modules, .env, build artifacts and OS junk.

What is semantic versioning (SemVer)?

SemVer uses MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH — breaking changes bump major, features minor, fixes patch.

What is local-first software?

Local-first tools process data on your device first, reducing cloud uploads for everyday workflows.

What are WebAssembly browser tools?

WebAssembly lets heavy codecs and document libraries run near-native speed inside the browser sandbox.

What is hreflang in SEO?

hreflang annotations tell search engines which language or regional URL variant to show users.

What is the Open Graph protocol?

Open Graph meta tags control how links appear as rich cards with title, description and image on social platforms.

What is HEIC? — Apple photo format

HEIC/HEIF is an efficient image container Apple devices often use instead of JPEG for camera photos.

What is batch watermarking?

Applying the same watermark style to multiple files in one pass.

What is cross-studio handoff?

Passing a working file from one studio mode to another without re-uploading manually.

What is local routing in an assistant?

Tool recommendation logic that runs locally before optional cloud enrichment.